The Fourth Crusade (AD 1201-1204)

The Fourth Crusade (AD 1201-1204) was an unmitigated disaster. It was so chaotic that Pope Innocent Ⅲ excommunicated the Crusaders for their immorality. Their horrible decisions multiplied and caused a chain reaction of mistakes, tarnishing the reputation of all the Crusades. Christians were murdered by Christians during the onslaught, and at what cost? In the … More The Fourth Crusade (AD 1201-1204)

What Indulgences Are

Indulgences fell into disfavor by the Protestant Reformation because the Roman Catholic Church perverted them. There has been a large misconception about indulgences ever since then. They are not “free passes” to sin. The Christian does not obtain salvation by purchasing or engaging in an indulgence. It is necessary to understand what penance is to … More What Indulgences Are

The Seven Sacraments

The seven sacraments are visible signs and seals of God’s grace. They are rites that allow people to feel the immaterial and invisible grace of God in a physical sense. While there are numerous ways to feel that divine love in an abstract sense, the Roman Catholic Church acknowledges seven sacraments: Baptism, confirmation, the Eucharist/Holy … More The Seven Sacraments

‘The First Apology of Justin Martyr’ on Predestination Compared to ‘Romans’

The First Apology of Justin Martyr became a Christian classic. It was a famous defense of Christian morality that refuted nearly every Roman criticism. The book even elaborated on the parallels between Christianity and Greek Hellenism, proving how illogical the Christian persecutions were. Justin Martyr was a daring Christian who stood against the tyrannical Roman … More ‘The First Apology of Justin Martyr’ on Predestination Compared to ‘Romans’

Christendom

Christendom was a multinational society comprising the Christian community. It was a multi-ethnic brotherhood between all Christians, regardless of their nationality, ethnicity, gender, etc. But it was more than just a brotherhood. It was a single nation built up of various nations.  Monks and bishops traveled between countries preaching. They were not missionaries to foreign … More Christendom

How Pope Gregory the 7th Gave the West Liberty

Pope Gregory the 7th started the Gregorian Reform. Lay control was a corrupt merger between the state and the church, giving unordained men the authority to appoint abbots, bishops, and popes. It became prominent during the 10th and 11th centuries in Europe as feudalism created a noble-centered political atmosphere. The merits of feudalism can be … More How Pope Gregory the 7th Gave the West Liberty